A construção do campo da enfermagem obstétrica em Minas Gerais: um estudo genealógico / The construction of the obstetric nursing field in Minas Gerais: a genealogical study

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo interpretativo fundamentado na pesquisa histórica, delineado a partir da seguinte questão norteadora: "Como ocorreu a construção do campo da enfermagem obstétrica, em Minas Gerais?". Objetiva analisar a construção do campo da enfermagem obstétrica, em Minas Gerais, a partir dos sujeitos envolvidos neste processo. O estudo ancora-se nas concepções filosóficas de Michael Foucault, de modo específico, a Genealogia, buscando construir uma história genealógica que aborde as rupturas e continuidades dos acontecimentos, centrada na microfísica das relações, nas disputas, resistências e objetivação dos corpos, problematizando as práticas de poder, que produziram um modo de ser, pensar, agir e sentir da enfermagem obstétrica. O delineamento temporal abarca o período de 1957, ano em que foi ofertada a primeira especialização em enfermagem obstétrica, em Minas Gerais, até o ano de 2011, com a instituição do Programa da Rede Cegonha. A metodologia adota três percursos: estudo de revisão, com método da scoping review para um melhor entendimento acerca do que já foi produzido sobre a enfermagem obstétrica, no Brasil, e para mapear as características do conhecimento científico produzido pela e sobre a categoria; pesquisa documental e história oral temática. Os documentos tomados como fontes fazem parte do acervo dos centros de memória da Escola de Enfermagem e da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Para as fontes orais, foram incluídos sujeitos envolvidos direta ou indiretamente com o objeto. Os documentos e entrevistas utilizados como fonte da pesquisa foram submetidos à Análise de Discurso explicitada por Michael Foucault. Os achados da pesquisa são discutidos em três capítulos. Os dois primeiros capítulos tratam dos dercursos genealógicos e acontecimentos da enfermagem obstétrica mineira de 1957 a 1999 e de 1999 a 2011. No terceiro capítulo da tese é abordada a proveniência como construção genealógica, com a análise das repercussões dos acontecimentos históricos para o modo de ser, sentir e pensar das enfermeiras obstétricas. Com essa forma de organização da pesquisa, pretende-se trazer, para além da apresentação e discussão dos dados coletados, os passos que foram seguidos e os processos de interpretação e análise, à luz do referencial foucaultiano. Os dados levantados mostram a possibilidade de confirmação da tese postulada para o estudo. Os vetores de força e acontecimentos que influenciaram a construção do campo da enfermagem obstétrica, em Minas Gerais, indicam a formação de um saber próprio das enfermeiras obstétricas, pautado nas boas práticas de assistência ao parto e nascimento. Esse saber próprio da especialidade, inseriu as enfermeiras especialistas no cenário obstétrico, capazes de disputarem espaços de prática e oferecerem resistência ao modelo de medicalização do corpo feminino. O processo dessa emergência é caracterizado por vetores de força, estratégias de luta, embates e enfrentamentos. A abordagem genealógica atua como uma ferramenta crítica capaz de evidenciar as singularidades da história do objeto de pesquisa, dando relevância aos dados encontrados e análises propostas.

This is an interpretative qualitative study based on historical research, outlined from the following guiding question: "How did the construction of the field of obstetric nursing occur in Minas Gerais?". It aims to analyze the construction of the field of obstetric nursing, in Minas Gerais, from the subjects involved in this process. The study is anchored in the philosophical conceptions of Michael Foucault, specifically, Genealogy, seeking to build a genealogical history that addresses the ruptures and continuities of events, centered on the microphysics of relationships, on the disputes, resistances and objectification of bodies, problematizing the practices of power, which produced a way of being, thinking, acting and feeling in obstetric nursing. The temporal outline covers the period from 1957, the year in which the first specialization in obstetric nursing was offered, in Minas Gerais, until 2011, with the institution of the Cegonha Network Program. The methodology adopts three paths: a review study, with the scoping review method for a better understanding of what has already been produced about midwifery in Brazil, and to map the characteristics of the scientific knowledge produced by and about the category; documentary research and thematic oral history. The documents taken as sources are part of the collection of the memory centers of the School of Nursing and the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. For oral sources, subjects involved directly or indirectly with the object were included. The documents and interviews used as a research source were submitted to Discourse Analysis explained by Michael Foucault. Research findings are discussed in three chapters. The first two chapters deal with the genealogical courses and events of obstetric nursing in Minas Gerais from 1957 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2011. The third chapter of the thesis addresses provenance as a genealogical construction, with the analysis of the repercussions of historical events for the way, feel and think of midwives. With this way of organizing the research, it is intended to bring, in addition to the presentation and discussion of the collected data, the steps that were followed and the processes of interpretation and analysis, in light of the Foucauldian framework. The collected data show the possibility of confirming the thesis postulated for the study. The force vectors and events that influenced the construction of the field of obstetric nursing in Minas Gerais indicate the formation of a knowledge specific to obstetric nurses, based on good practices in labor and birth care. This knowledge, characteristic of the professional category, inserted the specialist nurses in the obstetric scenario, capable of disputing spaces of practice and offering resistance to the model of medicalization of the female body. The process of this emergence is characterized by force vectors, struggle strategies, clashes and confrontations. The genealogical approach acts as a critical tool capable of highlighting the singularities of the research object's history, giving relevance to the data found and proposed analyses.

Poder, norma e ideário na lei da alienação parental / Power, norm and ideology in the law of parental alienation / Poder, norma e ideología en la ley de alienación parental

A recomendação ética do psicólogo para intervir criticamente sobre a demanda vai de encontro com a tarefa de diagnosticar atos de Alienação Parental e, num sentido amplo, com a judicialização das relações privadas. A genealogia de Foucault consiste num método capaz de lançar luz sobre as práticas de poder na base dos discursos relacionados ao tema da alienação parental. O eufemismo pedagógico empregado para designar as sanções da lei tem como finalidade estratégica o convencimento a respeito de supostos benefícios da tutela sobre as famílias, ao mesmo tempo em que lhes são atribuídas alguma patologia disfuncional. Numa perspectiva crítica, a assimetria de gêneros corresponde às relações de poder presentes no problema da alienação parental. Por fim, a inversão dos critérios de identificação da alienação parental revela o distanciamento entre o ideal normativo e a realidade da ruptura conjugal e familiar, apontando para a importância de práticas de cuidado e assistência em vez de judicativas e punitivas.(AU)

The psychologist's ethical recommendation to critically intervene on the demand goes against the task of diagnosing acts of Parental Alienation (AP) and, in a broad sense, with the judicialization of private relations. Foucault's genealogy consists of a method able to shed on the power practices on the basis of discourses related to the theme of Parental Alienation. The pedagogical euphemism used to designate the sanctions of the law has the strategic purpose of convincing about the supposed benefits of guardianship over families, while attributing some dysfunctional pathology to them. From a critical perspective, gender asymmetry corresponds to the power relations present in the Parental Alienation problem. Finally, the inversion of the Parental Alienation's identification criteria reveals the gap between the normative ideal and the reality of marital and family disruption, pointing to the importance of care and assistance practices instead of judicative and punitive ones.(AU)

La recomendación ética del psicólogo de intervenir críticamente sobre la demanda va en contra de la tarea de diagnosticar actos de Alienación Parental (AP) y, en un sentido amplio, con la judicialización de las relaciones privadas. La genealogía de Foucault consiste en un método capaz de arrojar luz sobre las prácticas del poder a partir de discursos relacionados con el tema de la Alienación Parental. El eufemismo pedagógico que se utiliza para designar las sanciones de la ley tiene el propósito estratégico de convencer sobre los supuestos beneficios de la tutela sobre las familias, atribuyéndoles alguna patología disfuncional. Desde una perspectiva crítica, la asimetría de género corresponde a las relaciones de poder presentes en el problema de la Alienación Parental. Finalmente, la inversión de los criterios de identificación de la Alienación Parental revela la brecha entre el ideal normativo y la realidad de la ruptura conyugal y familiar, señalando la importancia de las prácticas de cuidado y asistencia en lugar de las judicativas y punitivas.(AU)

La epidemiología, discurso y saber / Analysis of health systems as political systems

A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la dimensión del lenguaje y la palabra fue tomando un lugar central en las reflexiones filosóficas y políticas en diversos ámbitos (tanto en Europa como en América del norte y del sur). Entre ellos, en el campo de la medicina, tanto en su ejercicio clínico como en sus derivaciones de orden social: el campo de la salud pública, las intervenciones epidemiológicas, comunitarias, etc. Surgió una crítica a la hegemonía del pensamiento científico. Frente a eso, diversas propuestas desde otros campos del saberse fueron incorporando al debate en el campo teórico, y en el político. Un debate entre la ciencia y sus aplicaciones frente a otras perspectivas de saber. Eso dio lugar a diversas prácticas conocidas bajo diversos nombres: medicina social, nueva salud pública, anti psiquiatría, etc. (parte del desarrollo creciente del psicoanálisis se inscribe en este conjunto), todas ellas críticas con la hegemonía indiscutible hasta ese momento del positivismo científico, que se postulaba como el único saber válido .La perspectiva iniciada por Foucault, luego seguida por muchos otros pensadores e investigadores, abrió un cuestionamiento de esa hegemonía de las ciencias y una valoración de otras perspectivas de saber, no científicas, pero con una validez que se imponía en las prácticas sociales .El campo del saber, investigado mediante lo que denominó "arqueología del saber" analiza esa dialéctica, mediante la producción de una serie de teorías y conceptos precisos: discurso, enunciado, archivo, entre otros. Ciencia y saber aparecen entonces como prácticas diferenciadas, en una relación compleja y plena de controversias fundamentales. A todo ello se agrega la "genealogía del poder", una dimensión del poder y la política profundamente imbricada con el campo del saber, que permitió que los análisis de las prácticas se conmovieran y renovaran de forma radical. La propuesta foucaultiana concluye indagando en las posibilidades de lo que llama "saberes sometidos" de no ceder ante las explicaciones universalistas -propias de la ciencia-para dar cuenta de los procesos humanos. Propugna entonces un desarrollo de los discursos críticos, que frente a los saberes eruditos -propios de la ciencia y sus instituciones-puedan sostener la emergencia de un "saber histórico de las luchas".

Since the second half of the 20th century, the dimension of language and the word has been taking a central place in philosophical and political reflections in various fields (both in Europe and in North and South America). Among them, in the field of medicine, both in its clinical practice and in its social derivations: the field of public health, epidemiological and community interventions, etc. A criticism arose against the hegemony of scientific thought. In response to this, various proposals from other fields of knowledge were incorporated into the debate in the theoretical and political fields. A debate between science and its applications versus other perspectives of knowledge. This gave rise to various practices known under different names: social medicine, new public health, anti-psychiatry, etc. (part of the growing development of psychoanalysis is inscribed in this group), all of them critical of the undisputed hegemony up to that time of scientific positivism, which was postulated as the only valid knowledge.The perspective initiated by Foucault, then followed by many other thinkers and researchers, opened a questioning of this hegemony of the sciences and a valuation of other perspectives of knowledge, non-scientific, but with a validity that was imposed on social practices.The field of knowledge, investigated through what he called "archeology of knowledge", analyzes this dialectic through the production of a series of theories and precise concepts: discourse, enunciation, archive, among others. Science and knowledge appear then as differentiated practices, in a complex relationship full of fundamental controversies.To all this is added the "genealogy of power", a dimension of power and politics deeply intertwined with the field of knowledge, which allowed the analysis of practices to be radically moved and renewed.Foucault's proposal concludes with an inquiry into the possibilities of what he calls "subjected knowledges" of not yielding to universalist explanations -proper of science-in order to account for human processes. He then advocates a development of critical discourses, which, in the face of erudite knowledge ­proper to science and its institutions-can sustain the emergence of a "historical knowledge of struggles".

Patterns of genetic connectedness between modern and medieval Estonian genomes reveal the origins of a major ancestry component of the Finnish population.

The Finnish population is a unique example of a genetic isolate affected by a recent founder event. Previous studies have suggested that the ancestors of Finnic-speaking Finns and Estonians reached the circum-Baltic region by the 1st millennium BC. However, high linguistic similarity points to a more recent split of their languages. To study genetic connectedness between Finns and Estonians directly, we first assessed the efficacy of imputation of low-coverage ancient genomes by sequencing a medieval Estonian genome to high depth (23×) and evaluated the performance of its down-sampled replicas. We find that ancient genomes imputed from >0.1× coverage can be reliably used in principal-component analyses without projection. By searching for long shared allele intervals (LSAIs; similar to identity-by-descent segments) in unphased data for >143,000 present-day Estonians, 99 Finns, and 14 imputed ancient genomes from Estonia, we find unexpectedly high levels of individual connectedness between Estonians and Finns for the last eight centuries in contrast to their clear differentiation by allele frequencies. High levels of sharing of these segments between Estonians and Finns predate the demographic expansion and late settlement process of Finland. One plausible source of this extensive sharing is the 8th-10th centuries AD migration event from North Estonia to Finland that has been proposed to explain uniquely shared linguistic features between the Finnish language and the northern dialect of Estonian and shared Christianity-related loanwords from Slavic. These results suggest that LSAI detection provides a computationally tractable way to detect fine-scale structure in large cohorts.

Trans-ethnic variation in germline variants of patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Prior studies of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) germline landscape investigated predominantly patients of European ancestry. We examine the frequency of germline pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in 1,829 patients with RCC from various ancestries. Overall, P/LP variants are found in 17% of patients, among whom 10.3% harbor one or more clinically actionable variants with potential preventive or therapeutic utility. Patients of African ancestry with RCC harbor significantly more P/LP variants in FH compared to patients of non-African ancestry with RCC and African controls from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Patients of non-African ancestry have significantly more P/LP variants in CHEK2 compared to patients of African ancestry with RCC and non-Finnish Europeans controls. Non-Africans with RCC have more actionable variants compared to Africans with RCC. This work helps understand the underlying biological differences in RCC between Africans and non-Africans and paves the way to more comprehensive genomic characterization of underrepresented populations.

Solving the migration-recombination equation from a genealogical point of view.

We consider the discrete-time migration-recombination equation, a deterministic, nonlinear dynamical system that describes the evolution of the genetic type distribution of a population evolving under migration and recombination in a law of large numbers setting. We relate this dynamics (forward in time) to a Markov chain, namely a labelled partitioning process, backward in time. This way, we obtain a stochastic representation of the solution of the migration-recombination equation. As a consequence, one obtains an explicit solution of the nonlinear dynamics, simply in terms of powers of the transition matrix of the Markov chain. The limiting and quasi-limiting behaviour of the Markov chain are investigated, which gives immediate access to the asymptotic behaviour of the dynamical system. We finally sketch the analogous situation in continuous time.

Personalized genealogical history of UK individuals inferred from biobank-scale IBD segments.

BACKGROUND: The genealogical histories of individuals within populations are of interest to studies aiming both to uncover detailed pedigree information and overall quantitative population demographic histories. However, the analysis of quantitative details of individual genealogical histories has faced challenges from incomplete available pedigree records and an absence of objective and quantitative details in pedigree information. Although complete pedigree information for most individuals is difficult to track beyond a few generations, it is possible to describe a person's genealogical history using their genetic relatives revealed by identity by descent (IBD) segments-long genomic segments shared by two individuals within a population, which are identical due to inheritance from common ancestors. When modern biobanks collect genotype information for a significant fraction of a population, dense genetic connections of a person can be traced using such IBD segments, offering opportunities to characterize individuals in the context of the underlying populations. Here, we conducted an individual-centric analysis of IBD segments among the UK Biobank participants that represent 0.7% of the UK population. RESULTS: We made a high-quality call set of IBD segments over 5 cM among all 500,000 UK Biobank participants. On average, one UK individual shares IBD segments with 14,000 UK Biobank participants, which we refer to as "relatives." Using these segments, approximately 80% of a person's genome can be imputed. We subsequently propose genealogical descriptors based on the genetic connections of relative cohorts of individuals sharing at least one IBD segment and show that such descriptors offer important information about one's genetic makeup, personal genealogical history, and social behavior. Through analysis of relative counts sharing segments at different lengths, we identified a group, potentially British Jews, who has a distinct pattern of familial expansion history. Finally, using the enrichment of relatives in one's neighborhood, we identified regional variations of personal preference favoring living closer to one's extended families. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis revealed genetic makeup, personal genealogical history, and social behaviors at the population scale, opening possibilities for further studies of individual's genetic connections in biobank data.

Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48.

Western Kazakhstan is populated by three clans totaling 2 million people. Since the clans are patrilineal, the Y-chromosome is the most informative genetic system for tracing their origin. We genotyped 40 Y-SNP and 17 Y-STR markers in 330 Western Kazakhs. High phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup C2a1a2-M48 was achieved by using additional SNPs. Three lines of evidence indicate that the Alimuly and Baiuly clans (but not the Zhetiru clan) have a common founder placed 700 ± 200 years back by the STR data and 500 ± 200 years back by the sequencing data. This supports traditional genealogy claims about the descent of these clans from Emir Alau, who lived 650 years ago and whose lineage might be carried by two-thirds of Western Kazakhs. There is accumulation of specific haplogroups in the subclans representing other lineages, confirming that the clan structure corresponds with the paternal genetic structure of the steppe population.

Política de atenção ao HIV/AIDS no Brasil: forças e valores a partir de uma aproximação genealógica / HIV/AIDS care policy in Brazil: strength and values ​​from a genealogical approach

O estudo teve por objetivo analisar a construção histórica da política de atenção ao HIV/AIDS no Brasil a partir de uma aproximação genealógica, tendo como pontos de análise as relações de saber e poder nos espaços de disputa e de enfrentamento do fazer a política no campo formal e no cotidiano das vidas. O uso da genealogia se fez por meio do olhar de Nietzsche e Foucault para se problematizar tensões, relações de forças e múltiplos interesses, permanentemente imersos em discursos e em práticas que permeiam o campo da institucionalização da política e da construção da sexualidade na sociedade. Este caminhar permitiu investigar como as narrativas, os silenciamentos e os não ditos constituem a política, e como os valores são produzidos e constituem as subjetividades. Para a análise, foram utilizadas atas das reuniões da Comissão Nacional de AIDS, como documentos por onde estão permeadas as discussões, as disputas, narrativas e a fabricação das práticas, afim de problematizar as verdades e as construções históricas da política de atenção ao HIV/AIDS no Brasil, e entrevistas com atores que circulam pelo espaço da militância, governo, organizações não governamentais, arte e cultura, organismo internacional, ativismo em mídias digitais, e inserção religiosa, compondo uma diversa gama de formações e de exercício político, contemplando participações que ocorreram em diferentes momentos da história e em diferentes regiões do país. Constituíram-se Campos de Força para problematizar a AIDS na sociedade e na institucionalização na política pública, mostrando que, enquanto construção social, os valores estigma e normatização ganham expressão nas disputas e enredos sobre a política, o cuidado e o viver dos sujeitos, reconfigurando para a epidemia a antiga noção de contágio, que condiciona a produção dos sujeitos pelo medo e exclusão. O valor da normatização impõe os silenciamentos como processos para se instituir a vida para além da doença e da rejeição, caminhos não tão fáceis diante da construção social de uma ordem sexual contemporânea, que se adentra às sexualidades e desejos, os colocando em discursos e práticas pela heteronormatividade aceitável. No campo da institucionalização da política, valores impressos no campo democrático da saúde como direito e o financiamento detêm os discursos e práticas, regulam a política, as disputas e o cuidado. A política de atenção à AIDS ganha expressão no Brasil pelo contexto democrático, e pelas forças oriundas de um movimento social emancipatório e libertador. O espaço social toma a arena da política e constrói o jogo de forças, com disputas e interesses que ora avançam, ora são cooptados pelas estratégias hegemônicas da saúde e da economia em um país periférico. Hoje, aquieta-se a AIDS, subtrai-se seu nome, a coloca ao lado, submete-a à cronicidade, ao conservadorismo moral, ético e religioso e propaga-se seu fim. Há um caráter desigual que se aplica às vidas, às possibilidades de existência e à sobrevivência. Os conflitos pela disputa dos valores, percepções e prioridades na execução das políticas recaem sobre as vidas como uma prática de desaparecimento da gestão pública.

The research aims to analyze the historical construction of HIV/AIDS care policy in Brazil from a genealogical approach. Particular attention is placed on the relations of knowledge and power in the arenas of struggle and confrontation in the policy-making formal field and everyday life. Based on Nietzsche and Foucault, the genealogy is triggered to discuss tensions, power relations, multiple interests, permanently immersed in discourses and practices that permeate the field of institutionalization of politics and the construction of sexuality in society. From this perspective, it was investigated how the narratives, as well as the silencing and unspoken, constitute politics, and how values are produced and constitute subjectivities. The analysis is grounded on National AIDS Commission Meetings minutes as documents that are framed by discussions, disputes, narratives, and the making of practice - to problematize the truths and historical constructions of the HIV/AIDS care policy in Brazil, and interviews with actors from many fields militancy, government, non-governmental organizations, art and culture, international organization, activism in digital media, and religious insertion comprising a diverse range of training and political exercise, contemplating participation that occurred at different moments in history and different regions of the country. Forcefields were created to problematize AIDS in society and the institutionalization of public policy, showing that, as a social construction, values, stigma, and standardization gain expression in disputes and plots about the politics, care, and life of subjects, reconfiguring the old notion of contagion for the epidemic, which conditions the subjects' production through fear and exclusion. The value of normalization imposes silencing as a process to institute life beyond disease and rejection, which is an uneasy path in face of the social construction of a contemporary sexual order, which penetrates sexualities and desires, placing them in discourses and practices by acceptable heteronormativity. Values imprinted in the democratic field of health as a right and financing detain discourses and practices, regulate politics, disputes, and care in the field of institutionalization of politics. The AIDS care policy gains expression in Brazil through the democratic context, and the forces arising from an emancipatory and liberating social movement. The social space takes the arena of politics and builds the force field, with disputes and interests that at times advance, at times are co-opted by the hegemonic strategies of health and the economy in a peripheral country. Today, AIDS is quieted, its name is subtracted, it is put aside, it is subjected to chronicity, to moral, ethical, and religious conservatism, and its end is propagated. There is an uneven character that applies to lives, possibilities of existence, and survival. Conflicts over the dispute of values, perceptions, and priorities in the execution of policies relapse over lives as the disappearance from public administration.

DNA-based genealogy reconstruction of Nebbiolo, Barbera and other ancient grapevine cultivars from northwestern Italy.

Northwestern Italy is a wine region of the world with the highest of reputations, where top quality wines of remarkable economic value are produced from traditional, long-cultivated varieties. Kinship analyses were performed using 32 microsatellite loci and more than 10 K single-nucleotide polymorphism markers on 227 traditional grapes mostly from Northwestern Italy-including those that have been neglected or are threatened. This was done to better understand the genetic grapevine origins and history of this reputable wine producing area, thus enhancing its cultural value and the marketing appeal of its wines. The work revealed a complex network of genetic relationships among varieties, with little contribution of genotypes from other areas. It revealed the major role played by a few ancient grape varieties as parents of numerous offspring, including some that are endangered today. The ancestry of many cultivars is proposed. Among these are Dolcetto, Barbera and Riesling italico. Through the inference of parent-offspring and sibling relations, marker profiles of ungenotyped putative parents were reconstructed, suggesting kinship relations and a possible parentage for Nebbiolo, one of the most ancient wine grapes worldwide. Historic and geographic implications from the resulting kinships are discussed.

Dizer a verdade em psicanálise: uma abordagem genealógica a partir de Foucault / Truth-telling in psychoanalysis: a genealogical approach according to Foucault

Resumo: Este artigo aborda a problemática da relação entre sujeito e verdade em psicanálise por uma perspectiva genealógica. Se Lacan recolocou na tradição psicanalítica o antigo problema da espiritualidade, perguntando-se sobre o trabalho do sujeito consigo mesmo e as condições de acesso à verdade, é preciso se perguntar como essa modalidade de dizer a verdade se constituiu historicamente e de que tecnologias é formada. A partir dos estudos de Foucault, examina-se o lugar da sexualidade na enunciação da verdade em psicanálise e de que maneira a relação do sujeito consigo mesmo nessa experiência pode ser atravessada por uma hermenêutica.

Abstract: This article discusses the problem of the relationship between subject and truth in psychoanalysis from a genealogical perspective. If Lacan reposed the old problem of spirituality in the psychoanalytic tradition, wondering about the subject's work on himself and the conditions to access the truth, one must question how this modality of truth-telling was historically constituted and from what technologies it is formed. Based on studies of Foucault, we examine the place of sexuality in the enunciation of truth in psychoanalysis and the way the subject's relationship with himself in that experience can be characterized by a hermeneutic.

The Y-chromosome of the Soliga, an ancient forest-dwelling tribe of South India.

A previous autosomal STR study provided evidence of a connection between the ancient Soliga tribe at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent and Australian aboriginal populations, possibly reflecting an eastbound coastal migration circa (15 Kya). The Soliga are considered to be among India's earliest inhabitants. In this investigation, we focus on the Y chromosomal characteristics shared between the Soliga population and other Indian tribes as well as western Eurasia and Sub-Saharan Africa groups. Some noteworthy findings of this present analysis include the following: The three most frequent haplogroups detected in the Soliga population are F*, H1 and J2. F*, the oldest (43 to 63 Kya), has a significant frequency bias in favor of Indian tribes versus castes. This observation coupled with the fact that Y-STR haplotypes shared with sub-Saharan African populations are found only in F* males of the Soliga, Irula and Kurumba may indicate a unique genetic connection between these Indian tribes and sub-Saharan Africans. In addition, our study suggests that haplogroup H is confined mostly to South Asia and immediate neighbors and the H1 network may indicate minimal sharing of Y-STR haplotypes among South Asian collections, tribal and otherwise. Also, J2, brought into India by Neolithic farmers, is present at a significantly higher frequency in caste versus tribal communities. This last observation may reflect the marginalization of Indian tribes to isolated regions not ideal for agriculture.

Esquizofilia real. Delirio genealógico o delirio de Mignon como realización patoplástica / Royal Eschizophilia. Genealogical delusion or Mignon delusion as a pathoplastic realization

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The Evolving Moran Genealogy.

We study the evolution of the population genealogy in the classic neutral Moran Model of finite size n∈N and in discrete time. The stochastic transformations that shape a Moran population can be realized directly on its genealogy and give rise to a process on a state space consisting of n-sized binary increasing trees. We derive a number of properties of this process, and show that they are in agreement with existing results on the infinite-population limit of the Moran Model. Most importantly, this process admits time reversal, which makes it possible to simplify the mechanisms determining state changes, and allows for a thorough investigation of the Most Recent Common Ancestorprocess.

PAMAM: Power analysis in multiancestry admixture mapping.

Admixed populations arise when two or more previously isolated populations interbreed. Admixture mapping (AM) methods are used for tracing the ancestral origin of disease-susceptibility genetic loci in the admixed population such as African American and Latinos. AM is different from genome-wide association studies in that ancestry rather than genotypes are tracked in the association process. The power and sample size of AM primarily depend on proportion of admixture and differences in the risk allele frequencies among the ancestral populations. Ensuring sufficient power to detect the effect of ancestry on disease susceptibility is critical for interpretability and reliability of studies using AM approach. However, there is no power and sample size analysis tool existing for AM studies in admixed population. In this study, we developed power analysis of multiancestry AM (PAMAM) to estimate power and sample size for two-way and three-way population admixtures. PAMAM is the first web-based bioinformatics tool developed to calculate power and sample size in admixed population under a variety of genetic and disease phenotype models. It is a valuable resource for investigators to design a cost-efficient study and develop grant application to pursue AM studies. PAMAM is built on JavaScript back-end with HTML front-end. It is accessible through any modern web browser such as Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Google Chrome regardless of operating system. It is a user-friendly tool containing links for support information including user manual and examples, and freely available at https://research.cchmc.org/mershalab/PAMAM/login.html.

Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu's family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son.

Genghis Khan's lineage has attracted both academic and general interest because of its mystery and large influence. However, the truth behind the mystery is complicated and continues to confound the scientific study. In this study, we surveyed the molecular genealogy of Northwestern China's Lu clan who claim to be the descendants of the sixth son of Genghis Khan, Toghan. We also investigated living members of the Huo and Tuo clans, who, according to oral tradition, were close male relatives of Lu clan. Using network analysis, we found that the Y-chromosomal haplotypes of Lu clan mainly belong to haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756, widely prevalent in Altaic-speaking populations, and are closely related to the Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who claim to be the descendants of the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi. The most recent common ancestor of the special haplotype cluster that includes the Lu clan and Tore clan lived about 1000 years ago (YA), while the Huo and Tuo clans do not share any Y lineages with the Lu clan. In addition to the reported lineages, such as C3*-Star Cluster, R1b-M343, and Q, our results indicate that haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 might be another candidate of the true Y lineage of Genghis Khan.